英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。两者的相互转化使动作的执行者和承受者发生移位,但句义不变,所引起的差别主要在于对动作的执行者和承受者强调程度不同。据此,根据交际的需要,动作的执行者和承受者均可成为信息中心。在法律英语行文中,对主动语态与被动语态的准确应用有着更为严格的要求,不得随意将动作的执行者移位或省略,也不得随意强调动作的承受者。如果语态应用不当,不仅会造成语言上的含混,而且有时甚至会导致误解或严重的法律后果。
不同的交际目的或不同的语体都会对语态做出不同的要求。法律主张公平与正义,其语言自然要求客观准确。准确性是法律语言追求的目标之一,也是其主要特点及性质之一。由于被动语态能引起动作的执行者在句中处于次要地位或被省略,如对其使用不当,往往会产生语义含混不清及语句不稳的现象,故在法律英语中对被动语态的应用要非常慎重,万不得已不要使用,否则就会破坏法律语言的准确性。例如下面的原告辩护状由于被动语态应用不当而导致动作执行者含混不清,影响了事实陈述想要达到的真实而又直接的效果:
On January 15, 1958, the plaintiff's mother, Mrs. M, consulted the defendant about the medical complications that she had experienced as the result of a miscarriage in March of 1957. Since Mrs. M was again pregnant, the drug
DES was prescribed for her to take orally to prevent another miscarriage.
Assurances were made to Mrs. M that the drug was completely safe.
The prescribed drug was taken from January 16, 1958, until approximately February 28, 1958, when another miscarriage occurred. In August of 1958, Mrs. M became pregnant with the plaintiff.
原告Jean 想控告其母Mrs. M的医生在其母怀胎怀上自己六个月前给其母开了DES药,但从行文中看不出是谁“prescribed”,是谁做出了“assurances”,又是谁“took the prescribed drug”,结果,被动语态的误用削弱了原告的意图,使读者或听者不知上述动作的执行者为何人,只能凭空猜测,而凭空猜测的后果是可想而知的。如果将文中的被动语态改为主动语态,再对行文适当修改,该文就会条理明晰,准确性大增:
Since Mrs. M was again pregnant, the defendant prescribed the drug DES for her to take orally to prevent another miscarriage. The
defendant assured Mrs. M that the drug was completely safe.
Mrs. M took the prescribed drug from January 16, 1958, until approximately February 28, 1958, when Mrs. M had another miscarriage.
再如《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》第8条第4款的英译:
The insurances appropriate to a joint venture shall be furnished by Chinese insurance companies.
《企业法》原文是:合营企业的各项保险应向中国的保险公司投保。这里的义务人应为“合营企业”。由于译文误用了被动语态,使意思成为:合营企业的各项保险应由中国的保险公司提供。译文将“insurances”置于信息中心,将“a joint venture”(动作的执行者)置于次要地位,使“Chinese insurance companies”(动作的承受者)成了动作的执行者。
译文失真造成的误解所产生的后果将非常严重,因为义务人“合营企业”没有了义务,“保险公司”反倒成了义务人。陈忠诚先生(1990)对此提出的两种改译方案均应用了主动语态,起到了拨乱反正的效果,如:
(a) A joint venture shall buy insurances from Chinese insurers.
(b) A joint venture shall have its insurances underwritten by Chinese insurers.
Charrow 和 Erhardt(1986)在论及法律英语写作如何做到条理明晰时,提出了十三条准则,其中之一就是: Use active voice whenever possible. 在加拿大,有一个专为加拿大立法统一委员会制定的《法律文件草拟规定》(Rules of Drafting)。其第七条对语态的应用做出明确规定:
Voices
Where possible, the active voice shall be used.
Charrow 和Erhardt(1986)对于语态的应用还提出三条标准,供参考:
1. Use the active voice whenever possible.
2. Avoid truncated passives. Reveal who is responsible for a particular action and
put this "doer" into the sentence.
3.Use the passive voice only when you are speaking in general terms, when you want to stress the receiver of the action and not the actor, or when you want to downplay the actor.
从以上可以看出,在法律英语中,尽可能应用主动语态已是一条保证准确性的准则了。然而,需要明确指出的是,强调主动语态在法律英语中的重要性,并未肯定在任何情况下都可以不加区别地一味应用主动语态,也未否定在法律英语中不能应用被动语态。实际上,重温上述文献的措辞不难发现,这些文献不仅未否定被动语态,而且还提出在法律英语中使用被动语态的标准:(a) 在笼统地表述时应用;(b) 在想强调动作的承受者时应用;(c) 在想对动作的执行者轻描淡写时应用。例如《中华人民共和国合同法》(中国法制出版社1999年3月第1版,汉英对照本)第1条:
为了保护合同当事人的合法权益,维护社会经济秩序,促进社会主义现代化建设,制定本法。
此条规定采用了“动词性非主谓句”这一法律条文中用得最多的句式,对动作的执行者轻描淡写,不予提及。请看英译:
This Law is formulated with a view to protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties to contracts, maintaining the social economic order and promoting the progress of the socialist modernization drive.
英译恰当采用被动语态,放弃了在此行不通的主动语态,译法正确,同时将句子主体置于句首,冗长的附加成分置于句末,符合英语习惯。
再如《1990年国际贸易术语解释通则》(上海外语教育出版社1991年第1版)“工厂交货”部分的“卖方必须”,“A5风险转移”的规定:
Subject to the provisions of B.5., bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been placed at the disposal of the buyer in accordance with A.4.
该条规定:卖方有义务负担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,直至货物已按A4规定被置于买方处置之下时为止。该句的动作执行者在上下文中一目了然
,故对其笼统地低调处理,对“货物的处置”采用了被动语态,这不仅不会引起误解,而且还和全文的句式风格相协调(全文用THE SELLER MUST作为标题,随后各条规定中均省略了主语)。
可见,被动语态在法律英语中应用得也很广泛。由于被动语态应用不当很容易引起误解,应用时一定要小心谨慎,做到恰如其分。
主要参考文献:
------ Charrow, V. R. & Erhardt, M. K. 1986. Clear and Effective Legal Writing. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company.
------ 陈忠诚. 1990. 法律英译的失真问题. 外国语, 1990(1).
文献出处:
语言文化教育研究,2000年第一期,56页下转63页。
发布时间:2024/5/18
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