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美国警察培训讯问技巧
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Cops Improve Interrogation Skills
A group of police officers are learning techniques this week to help identify the guilty and eliminate the innocent, a skill that will become especially important when interrogations and interviews are required by law to be videotaped.
The three-day training course is expected to refine investigator's interview techniques in preparation for a state mandate requiring videotaping in all homicide investigations.The law takes effect July 18.
Most of the 16 in the class are investigators and are skilled in interrogations and interviews, Calumet City Police Chief Pat O'Meara said.
"It doesn't change anything we do," O'Meara said. "This is just to refine and hone our skills."
Lou Tessmann, a retired Waukegan deputy police chief, led the 3-day course and offered the group tips on how to improve their interview techniques, hone interrogation skills, read body language and streamline investigations.
Even without the cameras, Tessmann's techniques will improve chances of getting a confession out of someone who's guilty and clearing the innocent, he said.
Tessmann said that he expects the state mandate on videotaping will boost morale among law enforcement statewide, since any accusation of wrongdoing will have a videotape backup.
"(Videotaping) is not because we don't trust the police. It's because everybody's saying they don't trust the police," Tessmann said. "This will build our character and our self esteem. When someone says we're doing bad things, we can say, 'Look at the tape.' "
The officers learned to observe body language while interrogating suspects to determine whether or not someone was involved in a crime.
The officers are learning to ask critical questions to increase their chances of prosecuting the right person.
"When people get nervous, they do certain things," O'Meara said.
People who are accused of crimes they have not committed tend to take control of an interview as their denials get stronger over time, Tessmann said.
Sixty percent of communication is behavior, Tessmann said.
"Innocent people do one thing; the guilty do another," Tessmann said. "I want to eliminate innocent people. But, we want to identify the guilty."
In Tuesday's class, Tessmann suggested officers not let their egos get in the way during interrogations. When both the interviewer and suspect are calm, chances are greater for a confession, Tessmann told the class.
"As (the suspect) calms down, you re-accuse," Tessmann said.
He told the officers that anything they fill out during an investigation can be subpoenaed. He also reminded the group that while polygraph results are not admissible in court, what suspects say and do during an interview or during a polygraph exam can be used in court.
Officers learned this week to observe body language of suspects, but will also will have to be mindful of their words and actions, O'Meara said.
"Every word, every sentence will be scrutinized in court," O'Meara said.
警察讯问技巧培训
警方决定在本周对一批警察进行侦查讯问技巧的培训，培训的内容主要是帮助他们如何识别出讯问对象中的作案人和排除掉讯问对象中的无辜者；这项培训内容对于在视频录相下的警察侦查讯问与调查访问工作具有非常重要的作用。
根据一项将在6月18日生效的法律规定，警察讯问所有杀人犯罪嫌疑人过程中都必须开展同步视频录相；因此，这次培训中有三天的培训课程内容是为了使警察在侦查讯问中用更文明和礼貌的方式来侦查讯问。
参加培训的卡卢梅特警察局帕特。欧。梅拉说，他们这批受训的16名警察都是刑侦人员，而且都是有着丰富的讯问和询问的经验。“这次培训的内容对于我们现行工作方法改变不是太大，只不过是进一步磨炼我们的工作技巧。”
娄·特斯曼是从沃克甘警察局局长位置上的退下来的警察专家，将担任这次培训的授课任务，授课内容包括如何提高警察与嫌疑人交谈的技巧、如何用文明的方式来获取嫌疑人供述的技巧以及如何读懂嫌疑人身体语言等一系列警察工作技巧。
即使在讯问中没有同步视频录相，特斯曼的讯问技巧也能够提高警方获取有罪嫌疑人供述和澄清无罪嫌疑人的概率。
特斯曼说，他希望“对讯问过程进行同步视频录相法律”能够推动社会公众对警察工作的支持，警方将通过检查讯问过程中的同步视频录相备份的方式来对那些指责警察在讯问中采取了非法讯问手段的指控进行调查。
“之所以对讯问过程进行同步视频录相，并不是由于我们（警察高层）不相信（基层）警察，而是每个社会公众都不相信警察。”特斯曼说，“讯问过程的同步视频录相能够澄清那些关于警察非法讯问的传言，帮助警察赢得社会公众的尊敬。今后，如果有人指责我们非法讯问，我们就能够说，‘先看看讯问过程的同步视频录相去’”。
参加培训的警察们将学习在侦查讯问过程中如何阅读嫌疑人的身体语言，以判断其否是涉案的真正疑犯；同时警察们还学习在侦查讯问中如何提问的技巧，以提高警方起诉真正作案人的正确率。
“人们在紧张时，他们都会有一些特定的反应”，欧梅拉说。
特斯曼教导警察说，人们被指控犯下了他们没有犯的罪行时，他们在侦查讯问中会竭力控制或掌握与警方谈话的主动权，他们的辩解是非常强有力的。
在侦查讯问中，双方60%的信息交流是通过双方的行为动作传递的。
“侦查讯问过程中，清白无辜者在侦查讯问中的表现与有罪嫌疑人的表现是不一样的。”特斯曼说，“我想通过这项培训提高受训警察们在侦查讯问中发现嫌疑人中清白无辜者的能力，及时澄清他们身上的嫌疑。与此同时，也培训警察们发现嫌疑人中真正的犯罪人。”
在周三的授课中，特斯曼向警察建议“在讯问过程中不要让自己的偏见影响到侦查讯问”。侦查讯问过程讯中讯问人与讯问对象之间的互相信任，为获取嫌疑人真实供述或辩解提供了更有利的机会。
“当嫌疑人在侦查讯问中心情平静下来时，你才可以再次向他们提问”，特斯曼说。特斯曼教导受训的警察说，“即使测谎结论不被法庭认可，嫌疑人的供述及他们在侦查讯问中或侦查测谎中的在表现情况依然可以提供给法庭，以影响法庭对嫌疑人的定罪或裁决。”
“我们（受训的警察）在这周学习了如何观察嫌疑人的行为动作语言，但是我们还想学习如何解读和研判嫌疑人在侦查讯问中行为动作语言的含意。”欧梅拉说。
“因为嫌疑人口头语言中所说的每一个字、每一句话，都会被法庭审查后作为裁判的依据；如何嫌疑人的行为语言也能被法庭所解读，也会影响法庭裁判的。”欧梅拉说。
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