作者:陈忠诚
我法学学术期刊除极少数外,多提供篇目之英译。但其中也有只译其要目(称“main
contents; major contents; leading articles或highlights”等)者,如《兰州大学学报》、《法学杂志》、《北京社会科学》、《学海》、《江淮论坛》、《政法论丛》、《郑州大学学报》等(均指2004年1期或2期)。这在有关各刊来说,系因条件不同、翻译力量有限,碍难强求一律。
但也有个别期刊,虽不标明英译以要目为限,却故意畧去个别文章之篇目不译[如《首都师范大学学报》(社科)版2004年1期]了事,是不谨严的。甚至更有期刊(如《求索》2004年2期),其文章数虽达80余篇,在不说明“英译以要目为限”的情况下,偷工减料,只译其中的5个篇目之少。不能不说此举似有背诚信原则,不足为训。
至于篇目英译,一般须应依其特有的正字法规则为准,即:凡实词一律大写;如系虚词则一律小写——但较长的虚词(指6字母以上),则仍须大写。但也有除首词的首字母及专有名词须大写外,其余一概小写(1)或大写(2)的例外:
(1)新闻自由权侵犯隐私的法律评析
An analysis of press infringement on the right of privacy (1)
——《法学》,2004/1
(2)构筑城市未成年人犯罪预防和帮教机制的思考
On constructing the system of preventing urbane juvenile crime
and delinquency (1)
——《青少年犯罪问题》,2004/1
(3)媒体报导与司法公证关系的反思与再构
Reflections on the relation between media coverage and judicial
impartiality(1)
——《中国青年政治学院学报》,2004/1
(4)聚焦校园暴力
Focus on violence occurred on campus (1)
——《青少年犯罪问题》,2004/1
(5)探索执政规律 牢记执政为民
Exploring the Regulation and Fixing Governing in the Interest of
People(2)
——《行政与法》,2004/2
(6)浅析我国宪法的适用
The Appliance of our Constitution(2)
——《行政与法》,2004/3
上列六例两种实践也是英语标题大小写规则所容许的,只是笔者碍难提倡。至于占压倒多数的实践,亦即本文所推荐的英文标题正字法规则,则如前所述可再次表述如下:“凡实词,一律大写其首字母;凡虚词在6个字母以上的,一律大写。”但上列但书规定恰恰是有关各学术刊物的盲区,屡遭违反。反映出有关各刊之无知:
(7)中华法系并非“以刑为主”
Chinese Legal system is not a Primary Criminal Law System
——《中国法学》,2004/1
(8)“WTO公共健康“最后法律文件简评
The Comment on final Legal Document related to the Solution of
Public Health Problem
——《上海对外贸易学院》,2004/1
瞧,这种非驴非马,不伦不类,大小写由之的违规操作,简直把学术文章的篇目视同儿戏了。
请看违规操作的一些典型实例:
(9)从一个案例看专利法上的“禁止重复授权”原则
Analysis to the Principle of Repeating Patents by Prohibited
from A case
——《知识产权》,2004/2
(10)土地承包经营权流转的法律问题新探
A New Study on Legal Problems during the Dealing of the
Contracting Management Right of Land
——《甘肃政法学院学报》,2004/1
(11)美国关税法337条款对知识产权的保护及我国的对策
On the Protection of Art.337 of American Tariff Act against
Intellectual Property Rights and Our Countermeasures
——《上海外贸学院学报》,2004/2
(12)政府针对WTO争端解决机制的战略性行为
On Strategic Actions by Government towards WTO Dispute
Settlement
——《上海外贸学院学报》,2004/3
(13)注册会计师审计契约委托人探究
A Probe Into the Principal of CPA Audit Contract
——《西北大学学报》,2004/3
(14)共有人与承租人有限购买权的竞合
The Concurrence of Preemptive Right between Common Proprietor
and Tenant
——《甘肃政法学院学报》,2004/1
(15)“爵戌”考
Textual Research into “Servitude Remission through Degrading
the Rank of Nobility”
——《华东政法学院学报》,2004/1
(16)解构亦或建构
Deconstruction Or Construction
——《北方论丛》,2004/1
由以上各例可见,凡较长介词必须大写,凡较短介词务必小写(而实际上反倒大写了),甚至不定冠词作为虚词非小写不可等标题正字法之屡遭践踏有如此者!
但更引人注目的,还不仅在于标题大写法之形式要件,而更在于其实质方面——即标题之翻译错误。请看:
(17)刑法生态化的立法原则
Principles of Ecological Legislation: A Penal Perspective
——《华东政法学院学报》,2004/2
应作:Principles of Eco-criminal Law Making
(18)试论我国政府信息公开法治化
The rule of the Law Information Opening
——《国家行政学院学报》,2004/2
应作:Preliminarily on Opening Up PRC Government Information
under the Rule of Law
(19)民间调解的程序要素解析
Analysis on a few elements in the procedures of civil mediation
——《中国司法》,2004/1
应作:Analysis on the Procedural Elements of Popular
Mediation
(20)《妇女权益保护法》应注意吸收被害人学的研究成果
Law on the Protection of Right and Interest of Women Should
Adopt Research Findings of Victim Studies
——《华东政法学院学报》
应作:More Attention for Law Protecting Rights and Interests
of Women to Incorporate the Attainments of Victimology
(21)关于我国刑罚中借鉴社会服务的立法思考
A Legislative Idea:Using Social Service for Reference in
Punishment in China
——《学术研究》,2004/2
应作:A Legislative Idea: Borrowing Community Service as One
of Penalties in China
(22)家庭暴力之存在原因及对策探析
The Cause of Existence and Resolution of Family Violence
——《政法论丛》,2004/1
应作:Raison d’être of, and Counter-Measure Against,
Domestic Violence
(23)公益诉讼之法理分析
An Analysis of the Public Litigation and Jurisprudence
——《求是学刊》,2004/2
此译貌似而神离,应改译为:A Jurisprudential
Analysis of Litigation for Public Interests
(24)我国民法的基本性质探讨
Study on the Essential Character of Our Civil Code
——《浙江社会科学院学报》,2004/1
本标题之“基本性质”据内容所载共有四项,自应把单数改为复数
——把“Essential Character”改为“Essential
Characteristics”。
(25)论保护物权的各请求权之间的关系
On the Relationship among the Claim Rights to Protecting the
Rights of Thing
——《甘肃政法学院学报》,2004/1
应作:On Protecting the Interrelationship of Several Claims
Under the Right of Thing,原译之患在于层次有误 。
(26)新闻自由权侵犯隐私的法理评析
An analysis of press infringement on the right of privacy
——《法学》,2004/1
宜作:A Jurisprudential Analysis of Media Freedom Infringing
on Privacy
注意:为求确切,原译有所增损。(今之新闻不以press为唯一来源矣。又,原文仅及于隐私而不及于隐私权,译文自应从之)
(27)捆绑销售的社会福利分析
Social Welfare Analysis of Bunchy Sell
——《学术研究》,2004/2
按:“Sell”译“销售”显系“Sale”之误(但此非单纯的“笔误”)。
(28)论《内地与香港关于建立更紧密贸易关系的安排》
A Review of “the Arrangement of Building More Closed(更封闭的?)
Relationship between the Mainland and Hong Kong”
——《南开学报(哲社版)》,2004/1
应作相应的更正:“More Closed”→Closer;
“between” →“Between”。
(29)专利法的若干问题及其立法建议
Particular Aspects of Problems and Legislative Suggestions about
Patent Law
——《南开学报(哲社版)》,2004/1
应作:Several Problems of Patent Law and Legislative
Suggestions Thereon
为什么不用“Thereabout”而要用“Thereon”呢?因“on”是针对的,而“about”则是旁敲侧击的。
(30)外国宪政与司法审查制度及其启示
Constitutional Politics and the Judicial Investigation System of
the West and Their Implications
——《兰州大学学报》,2004/1
应作:Constitutionalism and Judicial Review in the Outside
World
原译与原文相去甚远
(31)试论未成年犯罪金刑的适用
On Application of Juvenile Crime Fine
——《江西公安专科学校学报》,2004/1
应作:Tentatively on Imposition of Fine on Juvenile Offenders
(32)中华法系并非“以刑为主”
Chinese Legal system is not a Primary Criminal Law System
——《中国法学》,2004/1
应作:Chinese Law System Is Not "Penal Law-Oriented”
按:“Primary”用在此处,语法不通!
(33)中国国际私法诉讼竞合探究
On the Litigation Concurrence of Chinese Private International
Law
——《法律科学》,2004/2
宜作:A Survey on the Overlapping of Litigations Under/under
PRC Conflict of Laws
(34)论思想自由权的宪政保护
On Constitutional Protection of Thinking Freedom Right
——《法律科学》,2004/2
拟译:On Freedom of Expression as a Right Protected
Under/under the Constitution
(35)论沉默权制度
On the System of Right to Silence
——《中国刑法杂志》
请比较以下译文:
On the Right to Silence
On Right to Silence as a System
(36)普法、法盲与法治
Dissemination of General Knowledge of Law, Ignorance of Law and
Rule of Law
——《法制与社会发展》,2004/2
宜作:Popularization of Legal Literacy VS Legal Illiteracy,
and Rule of Law
按:“Ignorance of Law”有特定涵义,多用于特定场合。
(37)契约关系与诚信
Contract Relations and Integrity
——《学术月刊》,2004/1
拟作:Contractual Relations and Full Faith and Credit
(38)法制现代化研究
Studies of Modernization of the Legal System
——《求是月刊》,2004/2
关键在于:此处“法制”用于广义(legality),还是狭义(legal
system)?
(39)论我国行政处罚时效制度之完善
Perfecting Limitation System on Chinese Administrative Sanction
in China
此译之关键在于译者不知英语“时效”作何表达——以为是“limitation”了。其实,非“limitation”也——乃“prescription”是也。
(40)聚焦校园暴力
Focus on violence occurred on campus
——《青少年犯罪问题》,2004/1
宜作:Focus on campus violence
按,法律文字尚简赅,尤以标题为甚。今能用原译2/3的词数完成原译之全部——何乐而不为?
(41)中国股票市场虚假陈述民事责任构成要件研究
On Civil Obligation of Constitution Requisites of False
Statements in China’s Securities Markets
——《中南财经政法大学》,2004/1
应作:On the Essential Constituents of Civil Liabilities for
False Representation Made at China’s Securities Markets
(42)公安法学教育效率提高的理性思考
Reason Thought of Efficient Improvement in the public security
Law Science
——《江西公安专科学校学报》,2004/1
应作:Rational Reflections on More Efficient Legal Education
for the Public Security
(43)市场失序的法律漏洞及其补救
On the Legal Defects for Market Disorder
应译:On Legal Loopholes Owing To/owing to Lack of Order at
Markets and the Remedies Therefor
按,原译缺点在于不切原文——“及其补救”译丢了;“漏洞”变成“Defects”
以上类例不胜枚举,但已可见其一般。但尚须就标题大小写规则中“较长的虚词必须大写”之“较长”作一补充,即何谓“较长”?——“较长”指7个字母组成的虚词(必须大写);由5-6个字母组成的虚词,则大小由之,但同一刊物内究竟大写抑或小写务必一致。
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